Violent Video Games and School Violence

Savage Video Games and School Violence Savage Video Games and School Violence. Is There a Correlation? A lot of examination has been done to make or comprehend a likely relationship between's the playing of vicious computer games and the activity of viciousness executed by youth, particularly inside the school condition. Through mental and logical investigations, various viewpoints have been thought of and there have been choices to validate the two sides of the issues, in any case, most of proof that has been returned shows overwhelmingly that young who take an interest in vicious computer games are no pretty much prone to execute viciousness inside their school than youth who don't. Savage Video Games Cause Youth to Feel Less Compassion for Victims The possibility of a connection among's brutality and computer games originates from the possibility that rough computer games cause youth to feel less sympathy for survivors of savagery. Guardians and other concerned grown-ups have since a long time ago expressed that adolescent who take an interest in savage computer games are bound to showcase the savagery that they see and partake in during genuine circumstances since they have been desensitized, nonetheless, research has demonstrated this isn't the situation. As indicated by mental investigations, just playing a vicious computer game doesn't have any drawn out effect on the limit with respect to savagery in the young or on their capacity to feel empathy for other people. Computer games are a strategy for play and a good time for youth and permit them to invest energy with companions and participate in pretend circumstances and encounters that they would some way or another be unequipped for getting a charge out of. The rough computer games that adolescent are urged to play permit them to take on an alternate persona similarly as spruce up games and pretend with dolls or activity figures. Along these lines, they are urged to have a go at something new and to upgrade aptitudes so as to accomplish a target, in this manner creating capacities that keep on helping them outside of the game, for example, devotion, finish and scrupulousness. Related articles: PC Games Have a Negative Effect on Individuals Media Influence Female Perception of the Body Image: Agree or Disagree? Youngsters Are Predisposed to Negative Influence The World Needs More Funny Cat Videos on Youtube? Sexual Content on TV Has a Negative Impact on Teenagers Computer games Improve Thought Processes Another significant part of computer games that can be advantageous for youth is the capacity to improve thinking and perspectives by and large. Youth who take part in computer games are required to tackle complex issues, regularly constrained to beat the high scores of their companions or to maintain a strategic distance from a negative part of the game. Along these lines, it upgrades the capacities of the adolescent to think basically and innovatively in different parts of their lives too, prompting improvement in their subjective capacities in school and even later on workforce. Computer games are additionally viewed as a strategy for lessening feelings of anxiety and are utilized by various youngsters for simply this explanation. Though a few grown-ups or youth will take part in perusing, tuning in to music or riddles as approaches to diminish their pressure, tension or outrage levels, other youth take part in computer games as an approach to quiet down and unwind. Since computer games take them outside of their own reality and issues just as requiring consideration and suspected as opposed to just being careless diversion, they permit the young to beat the negative contemplations and fears. Computer games Are Helpful for Children with MS, Autism, Attention Deficit Disorder or Dyslexia At last, computer games have really been found to improve the indications related with a few ailments that adolescent may have, for example, MS, mental imbalance, and even a lack of ability to concentrate consistently turmoil or dyslexia. The expanded communication with others that happens through the computer game helps kids with social issues because of chemical imbalance to feel progressively great in these circumstances. Moreover, computer games that require full body development are bound to diminish the parity issues that may happen for MS victims. The center required for improved computer game play likewise improves the focal point of those experiencing a lack of ability to concentrate consistently confusion and dyslexia, along these lines lessening the enduring that happens. With these motivations to play computer games and these manners by which computer games can help youth for the duration of their lives, tragically youth are obstructed on numerous moves in the direction of these games. In spite of the fact that guardians have dreaded for quite a while that viciousness in computer games shows a relationship with brutality in kids outside of said computer games, the examination shows this is unwarranted, yet in addition that there are various motivations to energize computer game play among offspring all things considered.

Public Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Advertising - Essay Example The essential explanations for their inability to successfully, proficiently and reliably practice the PR have been additionally credited with the absence of legitimate assets and inadequate time the executives just as defective asset distribution (Gale, 2007). Logically, including in network improvement exercises is regularly considered as an indispensable methodology for advancing connections just as growing long haul prosperous responsibility for with assortment of significant publics underlining on the maintainability needs of the association through partner commitment. So as to achieve effective results from the battles that are intended to advance solid relationship with enormous gathering of populace and empowering conduct change worried with certain particular issues recognized by NPOs, it is significant that appropriate procedures and arranging is formulated before the beginning of the crusade. It is similarly vital that powerful observing and assessment is created for guara nteeing the quality and adequacy of the embraced PR crusades (Gale, 2007). In light of these contemplations, the motivation behind this paper is to dissect and assess the viability of PR activities connecting with United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) and its open according to certain wellbeing related issues including malignant growth mindfulness, medicate misuse counteraction, smoking suspensions and kid government assistance among others. Distinguishing proof of Key Publics The essential purpose for deciding the objective gathering is to recognize the gatherings and crowds who need to change their discernments, social attributes and perspectives (European Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 2010). The best possible distinguishing proof of crowds and their productive division can encourage in deciding the course of correspondence in the most dynamic manner. Logically, UNICEF endeavors to speak with a wide scope of general society keeping up a commo nly gainful relationship. Every one of these open gatherings is additionally distinguished to have one of a kind arrangements of issues worried with different wellbeing factors (United Nations Children’s Fund, 2005). Correspondingly, the correspondence battle started with due worry towards medical problems, UNICEF focused on the gathering of open including people living in the most denied zones exceptionally those working in risky natural conditions. For comparative sort of PR crusades, the school and school going youthful and grown-up individuals, who will in general effectively get habituated to smoking and are defenseless against medicate misuse, can likewise be treated as the intended interest groups. Likewise, guardians and adolescents were additionally focused for the crusades all together advance kid government assistance by UNICEF in its PR battles concerning the advancement requirements for ladies and kids. Concerning the authoritative vision and PR activities, the c orrespondence programs directed by UNICEF can be separated into three basic gatherings of crowds when all is said in done, including people working in perilous workplace, school and school going youngsters and grown-up inclined to unsocial ways of life, and the guardians who are principally occupied with the working followed by adolescents (NGLS, 2009; United Nations Children’s Fund, 2005). Viability of Communication among UNICEF and Its Intended People The perquisite for viable correspondence requires convenient readiness, viable utilization of dialects, appropriate comprehension of culture where the battle will be held and

The Study of Punishment in Psychology

The Study of Punishment in Psychology Theories Behavioral Psychology Print The Study of Punishment in Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on January 15, 2020 Blend Images / Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Punishment is a term used in operant conditioning to refer to any change that occurs after a behavior that reduces the likelihood that that behavior will occur again in the future. While positive and negative reinforcement s  are used to increase behaviors, punishment is focused on reducing or eliminating unwanted behaviors. Punishment is often mistakenly confused with negative reinforcement. Remember, reinforcement always increases the chances that a behavior will occur and punishment always decreases the chances that a behavior will occur. Types of Punishment Behaviorist B. F. Skinner, the psychologist who first described operant conditioning, identified two different kinds of aversive stimuli that can be used as punishment. Positive Punishment: This type of punishment is also known as punishment by application. Positive punishment involves presenting an aversive stimulus after a behavior has occurred. For example, when a student talks out of turn in the middle of class, the teacher might scold the child for interrupting her.??Negative Punishment: This type of punishment is also known as punishment by removal. Negative punishment involves taking away a desirable stimulus after a behavior has occurred. For example, when the student from the previous example talks out of turn again, the teacher promptly tells the child that he will have to miss recess because of his behavior. Is Punishment Effective? While punishment can be effective in some cases, you can probably think of a few examples of when a  punishment does not reduce a behavior. Prison is one example. After being sent to jail for a crime, people often continue committing crimes once they are released from prison. Why is it that punishment seems to work in some instances, but not in others? Researchers have found a number of factors that contribute to how effective punishment is in different situations. First, punishment is more likely to lead to a reduction in behavior if it immediately follows the behavior. Prison sentences often occur long after the crime has been committed, which may help explain why sending people to jail does not always lead to a reduction in criminal behavior. Second, punishment achieves greater results when it is consistently applied. It can be difficult to administer a punishment every single time a behavior occurs. For example, people often continue to drive over the speed limit even after receiving a speeding ticket. Why? Because the behavior is inconsistently punished. Drawbacks and Consequences of Punishment Punishment also has some notable drawbacks. First, any behavior changes that result from punishment are often temporary. Punished behavior is likely to reappear after the punitive consequences are withdrawn, Skinner explained in his book About Behaviorism. Perhaps the greatest drawback is the fact that punishment does not actually offer any information about more appropriate or desired behaviors. While subjects might be learning to not perform certain actions, they are not really learning anything about what they should be doing. Another thing to consider about punishment is that it can have unintended and undesirable consequences. For example, while approximately 75 percent of parents in the United States report spanking their children on occasion, researchers have found that this type of physical punishment may lead to antisocial behavior, aggression, and delinquency among children. For this reason, Skinner and other psychologists suggest that any potential short-term gains from using punishment as a behavior modification tool need to be weighed again the potential long-term consequences.

Summary And Synthesis With Argument Paper - 1189 Words

An,Shiwen Prof. S. Steinberg 2I First Draft, Summary Synthesis with argument Paper Nov. 1st, 2016 The originate of uncertainty---- How does thin-sliced judgment compose the society of United States help us think critically? The thin-sliced judgment, explained most commonly, is the impression we have when we meet someone or experience something impressive. In the article, On the Face of It: The Psychology of Electability, Konnikova said â€Å"Those facial cues, in turn may stem from a far more basic impulse, since we respond to those same features as children..† this kind of intuitive reaction is originated from childhood and grows up with all the people, and it is supported by the data that in French parliamentary election. People rate candidates only by their facial creatures and then 72% of the data is corresponding to the actual election result, which is unbelievable for most people. Since the thin-sliced judgment is part of instinct and it is hard for us to change it, it does not limit or stablize our mind but makes us more creative. This kind of statement could be illustrated by several arguments. In Johnson’s article Race-Baiting for the Presidency, it talks about the racism used by the candidates to win the campaign. The statements inside another article , Study: Sexist Insults Hurt Female Politicians by Page, hold the negative points about the treating for women politicians. In the article of Konnikova, it says â€Å"Few people knew that theShow MoreRelatedEssay Literature Review1001 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscusses published information in a particular subject area, and sometimes information in a particular subject area within a certain time period. It has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. The summary is a recap of the important information of the source; the synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that information. It might give a new interpretation of old material or combine new with old interpretations. Or it might trace the intellectual progressionRead MoreLiterature Review - How to Do It?1653 Words   |  7 PagesWriting A Literature Review and Using a Synthesis Matrix My professor says I have to write a literature review, what do I do? Well, to begin, you have to know that when writing a literature review, the goal of the researcher is to determine the current state of knowledge about a particular topic by asking, â€Å"What do we know or not know about this issue?† In conducting this type of research, it is imperative to examine several different sources to determine where the knowledge overlaps and where itRead MoreBook Report On My College Career940 Words   |  4 Pagesproperly accrediting them. Finding the information and resources to best suit my arguments was not an issue; however, incorporating citations to give credit to them was an issue. This letter will be mainly focused on the first paper, the summary, as it was my weakest attempt at writing a college level paper. Since the summary paper was the first paper I’ve written for my college career, I can firmly assert that it was the paper I was most confused on as to what was necessary to make it into a success.Read MoreWhy Should Anybody Care?1198 Words   |  5 Pagesperspective, compare and contrast two different texts, or to describe the literary elements that an author used to create his/her text(s), the conclusion should tie everything together. Concluding sections do many jobs, such as: summarizing your points/arguments, restating the purpose of your essay, and connecting to your reader(s). Believe it or not, you really don’t need to come up with much new material. The introduction and the body of your essay can provide you with all that you need to know to completeRead MoreSample Reflection Assignments1243 Words   |  5 Pagesbecome part of the final grade. Details on all of these written assignments will be provided and discussed in class. COURSE: Cultural Health Care (NURS 105) INSTRUCTOR: Rycki Maltby PhD, RN, FRCNA Final Paper (25%) The purpose of this paper is to synthesize your learning over the semester. The paper should be 8-10 typed (word processed) pages, 12 cpi, and follow the attached guidelines for written assignments. Using the service-learning project, the cultural self-study, and the in-class reflectionsRead MoreResearch Paper On Maternal Smoking Of Pregnancy, Fetal Development, And Childhood Asthma Essay780 Words   |  4 PagesOutline Picked topic: Maternal Smoking in Pregnancy, Fetal Development, and Childhood Asthma Type of genre: Research paper Conventions of research papers: Abstract- is usually a 250-word overview of the research paper and provides the main idea of the study. Includes the 6 sections that are stated below. As stated in â€Å"Writing in the Health Sciences† it is usually written after paper is complete and is the first thing people read. In my text: the abstract includes the main point of the objectivesRead MoreMy Career Goals For A Surgical Missionary1256 Words   |  6 Pagesmissionary. I often joke with people that my goal career title is â€Å"world-changer,† but joking aside I do hope to make a difference one day. To do that, I am going to be in school for a very long time. School means that papers are going to be written, while English class might have a few more papers than other subjects, every class is going to require some type of writing at some point. Furthermore, in the fall of 2017, I plan on attending the University of Alabama and majoring in International Studies whileRead MoreTuberculosis Is A Disease That Affects People998 Words   |  4 PagesIntro: Tuberculosis is a disease that affects many individuals throughout the world, and not always with the same prevalence. Thesis statement:For this research paper my goal is to explain and illustrate why certain populations tend to have higher infection rates of tuberculosis than the average population in the United States and what causes these higher rates. At what point do health officials step in and work on prevention in these specific populations and why aren’t we implementing the tuberculosisRead MoreSylabus Essay3948 Words   |  16 Pagesyou. Catalog Description: A directed writing course, which continues the process of learning to read and critically engage various texts. Students write papers that summarize, critique, and synthesize sources, leading to researched and formally documented argumentation papers. Builds upon English 111 through its increased focus on academic argument and the processes of synthesizing written published texts. (Required in all degree programs) (Also offered as a web course) Prerequisites: ENG 111 CurrentRead MoreGetting On The Conference Program And Writing A Practical Article1090 Words   |  5 PagesXiaowei Qi Summaries This paper is to summarize the article â€Å"Getting on the Conference Program and Writing a Practical Article: Templates for Success† (Jalongo, 2013) and â€Å"Recommendations for Writing Successful Grant Proposals: An Information Synthesis† (Wisdom, Riley, and Myer, 2015). In the article â€Å"Recommendations for Writing Successful Grant Proposals: An Information Synthesis,† Wisdom, Riley, and Myer (2015) â€Å"applied standard information synthesis procedures for sifting abstracts, scrutinizing

The Legalization of Marijuana Essay - 868 Words

One of the most controversial topics in the news today is the legalization of marijuana. Supporters believe that the drug is not harmful and can have numerous benefits. However, opponents argue that marijuana can lead to addiction and other more dangerous drugs. In the end, marijuana should be legal based on economic, medicinal, and philosophical factors. First, the legalization of marijuana would have a tremendous economic impact. Since â€Å"marijuana is thought to be the second most profitable cash crop in the United States,† (Erb __) the government could control and then tax the drug if it is legal. This would mean that an enormous amount of money could be raised through the taxing of the drug. A recent study at Harvard estimated†¦show more content†¦endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness† (Dec of Ind ____). This suggests that the government cannot dictate a personâ₠¬â„¢s actions since all individuals are guaranteed basic freedoms. Lastly, legalizing marijuana would be a philosophical issue for all human beings. Despite these positives, people still disagree with the legalization of marijuana. They believe that the drug can lead to a lifetime of addiction. Opponents believe that marijuana is a gateway drug that can lead to other more harmful and dangerous drugs. Additionally, people think that marijuana is more harmful than tobacco. However, research and statistics have proven that each of these arguments is untrue. Firstly, people argue against the legalization of marijuana because they think that the drug can lead to addiction. Research has shown that only about 9% of marijuana users will have a serious addiction (Iverson ____). By contrast, â€Å"32% of tobacco users †¦and 15% of alcohol users will become addicted† (Gumbiner _____). These statistics show that marijuana is less addictive than two substances (tobacco and al cohol) that are already legal in the United States. In conclusion, the argument that marijuana should not be legalized because of its addictiveness is false since very few people become dependent on the drug. Secondly, opponents of legalizing marijuana think that the drug isShow MoreRelatedThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization1061 Words   |  5 PagesThe Legalization of Cannabis in Ohio Marijuana is a controversial topic all across the United States. Recently marijuana has been voted on, legalized, and denied legalization in multiple states. There are still more states trying to fight the green fight for marijuana. The fight for legalization hasn’t been an easy one for cannabis supporters; they have been fighting tooth and nail to make it happen. One of the main concerns in the marijuana debates are whether or not marijuana is a gateway drugRead MoreLegalization Of Marijuana And Marijuana1633 Words   |  7 PagesBalyuk March 8, 2016 Legalization of Marijuana Marijuana has a few different names that are commonly used in today’s society including weed and cannabis. Weed is smoked with joints, bongs, or pipes. Marijuana can also be mixed with foods usually brownies, cookies, and candy which are called edibles. The main chemical responsible for the high feeling is called THC but marijuana also contains over 500 chemicals. The chemical is found in resin produced by the leaves and buds. â€Å"Marijuana is the most commonlyRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization Essay2566 Words   |  11 Pagescurrent prohibition on marijuana reforms has put the United States in a similar situation. Marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States. According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, â€Å"95 million Americans age 12 and older have tried pot at least once, and three out of every four illicit-drug users reported using marijuana within the previous 30 days† (ONDCP). The decriminalization and eve ntually legalization for the recreational use of marijuana will bring forth benefitsRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization1282 Words   |  6 Pages On November 8th, 2016, the California Marijuana Legalization Initiative may be included on the ballot. The people of California will vote on whether to legalize the recreational use of cannabis for adults. The move targets at regulating the consumption of the drug and taxing it like other legalized drugs. California was the first state to legalize medical marijuana in 1996 (National Institute of Drug Abuse). 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However, the medical benefits of the drug seem on the process of chemical compounds as compared to the drug itself. Medical debates show that chemical compound in marijuana are the problem as compared to the plant. The said chemical compound af fects the mental and physical health of the personsRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization996 Words   |  4 Pages the monetary gain of its legalization for most has been productive to say the least. For example, Denver Colorado is on track to more than triple the marijuana tax revenue this year alone. $44 million was collected in 2014. In July 2015, 73.5 million was collected, while 19.6 million went to schools. A place such as Chicago could really use the legalization to help with the school system infrastructure issues they have. 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Recreational marijuana is being regulated and monitored like alcohol; you must be at least 21 years old to make a purchase. The drug, which is controversial in many states’ legislations, is currently l egal for medical useRead MoreThe Legalization of Marijuana628 Words   |  2 PagesThe Legalization of Marijuana Marijuana, the plant of the cannabis, has been around since the early 1900’s. Throughout history, marijuana has been used illegally, for both recreational and medical uses. Recently, marijuana has been used for medicinal purposes, like aiding HIV/AIDs patients, healing migraines and controlling nausea caused by chemotherapy. Today, there are currently 21 American states that have legalized medicinal marijuana including two states that have legalized recreational marijuana

Does Coffee Contain Drugs Free Essays

It is pretty obvious these days that most people are addicted to cell phones. To get people more addicted companies try to put new things on cell phones that you could already do with some other device. Cell phones are able to use internet now, just like computers. We will write a custom essay sample on Does Coffee Contain Drugs or any similar topic only for you Order Now People act like they cannot survive without a cell phone, if there was a quiz asking people what they would need to survive on an uninhabited island if they could only have a few resources I bet a cell phone would be number one on that list for most people.I also bet that coffee, chocolate or pop or maybe a combination of all three would be their number two desire. Because you see, coffee, chocolate and pop all contain the highly addictive stimulate named caffeine. My research and personal experiences have shown that addiction to caffeine is more dangerous than an addiction to one’s cell phone because caffeine can have an awful direct impact on your mind and body. Everything manmade these days has ways to get people addicted to it! Food and drink addiction is big in America, a big part of that is what companies do to make people addicted to their food.We know commercials make people want to impulse buy, but there are things in many foods that could make people addicted to it like drugs! Chocolate was a luxury in Europe doing the Middle Ages, but now 2 ounces can be obtained from a vending machine for less than a dollar. Coffee started its upward trend in popularity after the Boston Tea Party in America and Coca Cola and Root Beer has been easily accessible for over a hundred years from convenience stores. The surge in popularity of these three items is no accident; it is all due to the clever lure of marketing and the addictive nature of caffeine found it these items.Artificially flavored foods dull your taste buds to the point that healthy foods taste bland. It’s like nacho flavored chips aren’t enough, now it’s fire flavored chips and extra fiery flavored chips! It’s like we will eventually have big calluses on our tongues from being bombed with all this flavor. Foods or drinks with caffeine in them do more than just make you addicted to the flavor, they have been consciously designed to make you addicted to consuming them frequently. Both coffee and chocolate are known for their overpowering taste. It is ustomary that these two items are reserved toward the end of meals, so that the unique flavors from meat, vegetables and fruits won’t get lost or ignored because of the powerful taste and aroma from coffee and chocolate. There are too many flavor s of pop to name. It is said that variety is the spice of life. Caffeine is the stimulate that makes us order pop each time we dine in or out and crave more and more options. Coffee companies keep people buying their products by getting people addicted to their products, just like cigarette companies.Coffee is like liquid cigarettes, it is addictive, makes people have bad breath with a very distinct smell. Coffee is way worse than those artificial chips I was telling you about! Coffee has many different artificial flavors now to cover up how horrible it tastes alone without the flavors, and also the flavors added to the coffee is another thing that gets people addicted to it! Have you ever read the back of a food container and all there is a bunch of stuff normal people don’t understand on it like triethanolamine, tetrasodium, hydrogenated monoglycerides, and stuff like that?Well all of those weird words listed on the back of food containers are artificial ingredients and there is no telling w hich ones may be chemicals designed to get us addicted to it! Caffeine is definitely an addictive chemical that is easy to get. Have you noticed it seems like coffee drinkers can’t go a day without drinking coffee. To drink coffee has become a habit in the life of many people. This is because coffee contains an addictive drug. Yep, it contains caffeine. Caffeine is an addictive psychoactive stimulant. (Also chocolate, tea, energy drinks and other beverages contain caffeine. Around 90 percent of Americans consume caffeine every single day in one form or another. More than half of all American adults consume more than 300 milligrams (mg) of caffeine every day, making it America’s most popular drug by far. (According to Web MD) Caffeine makes some people want to drink coffee as soon as they wake up because of the effects of blocking drowsiness which would be very convenient at work or some other task they shouldn’t fall to sleep at. Drinking a bit more caffeine than you need to stay awake could cause addiction, but chugging down a massive overload of caffeine could even lead to caffeine poisoning.The FDA is planning to ban alcoholic drinks containing caffeine. News of college students being killed or dying after drinking such combinations of alcohol and caffeine have been publicized widely in the news. These drinks usually are like a cross between an energy drink and malt liquor. (According to Fox News) A person would have to consume 5 to 10 grams of caffeine (or 80 cups of strong coffee, one after the other) to suffer an overdose. Some effects of caffeine poisoning include involuntary shaking, nausea, vomiting, irregular or rapid heart rate, panic attack and confusion.In extreme cases of caffeine poisoning a person could have a seizure. Caffeine blocks a chemical produced by the brain called adenosine from reaching the adenosine receptors. Adenosine and caffeine have very similar structures that the brain can’t tell apart. Adenosine is an important chemical for the nervous system. Adenosine is the chemical produced by the brain that makes the nervous system slow to a rate that lets the person get tired so the person would sleep or stop pushing the energy of your nervous system to do such tiring tasks.When adenosine does not enter the receptors the nervous system could get over worked and the same effects of caffeine poisoning would occur. That is only one of the many functions adenosine has with the nervous system, and caffeine stopping the tiring function of adenosine explains why people get addicted to coffee. Adenosine also works with the nervous system to regulate cardiovascular function, respiratory function, and many other major vital functions, which explains the seizures and death of caffeine poisoni ng. Lack of adenosine could cause a wide variety of diseases. One of the most common side effects caffeine addicts experience is the big crash after the caffeine high, which is caused because of the body creating extra adenosine to make up for the lack of adenosine. A party goer from Washington State University was killed by a colossal dose of caffeine. He consumed two spoonfuls of caffeine powder, equivalent to the caffeine in 70 cans of Red Bull. The caffeine product had a warning on it that said not to take more than one sixteenth of a spoonful of it.If you use caffeine to try to stay awake at work you should make sure it doesn’t end up in an energy crash when you still are at your job. Unlike many other psychoactive substances, caffeine is currently legal. . After reading this you may change your mind about if caffeine should be legal. Even caffeine pills are used which is much more dangerous than drinking the amount of caffeine in coffee. Most caffeine pills contain 200-250 mg of caffeine. Most cups of coffee contain 90-150 mg of caffeine. Even one cup of decaffeinated coffee could contain 2-5 mg of caffeine.Monster Energy Drink contains 160 mg of caffeine, so drinking Monster Energy Drink for breakfast is only slightly worse than the average cup of coffee, but it still is not as bad as taking a caffeine pill for breakfast. Thinking about these comparisons you would probably realize how ridiculous the amounts of caffeine people consume are. A majority of soda beverages have 50 to 100 mg of caffeine. Decaffeinated sodas could contain 2-5 mg of caffeine. Having caffeinated soda for breakfast could be healthier than having caffeinated coffee for breakfast.Large amounts of caffeine poses a specific health risk for women of all ages. Scientists have shown that the continual over-consumption of caffeine is a behavior that can trigger urinary tract infections (UTI) in women. Urinary tract infections and bladder infections are the second most common type of infections in the United States. Only Respiratory infections occur with greater frequency. Ladies with confirmed urinary tract infections are often instructed by their Doctors to drink only Cranberry juice and water for three to four days.Drinking cranberry juice increases the acid in the body and flushes out the bad bacteria responsible for the bladder infection. Clearly, a female truly addicted to caffeine would find it torture to be limited to drinking only cranberry juice and water for a number of days in order to secure a cure for her bladder infection. A woman can be stricken with the agony of bladder infections several times within a given year all episodes stemming from her daily consumption of huge amounts of pop and coffee.Ladies, please leave the caffeine alone, because you already spend way too much time in the bathroom. Caffeine is a stimulant drug found in coffee, cola, chocolate and other legal products, and is also present in many pharmaceutical products (such as cold remedies). It is also one of the main substances used to ‘cut’ illicit drug powders like cocaine, heroin, speed and ecstasy. Yet our society acts like caffeine is not a drug. The chemical name of caffeine is trimethylxanthine, and it can cause drug dependence in regular users, i. e. craving, tolerance and withdrawals.It affects a neurotransmitter in the pre-frontal cortex of the brain called adenosine, which regulates attention and working memory (which is why caffeine helps you concentrate). The lethal dose for the average person is 10 grams in a period of one or two hours – about 65 to 100 times the standard effective dose of 100-150 mg. However, more susceptible people (such as liver disease cases, children) could be killed by as little as 5 grams. One gram consumed in a short period (4 or 5 double-espressos) is enough to bring on symptoms of caffeine poisoning (headaches, palpitations, nausea, etc. in most people. Caffeine is a drug – more education is needed to make people aware of what constitutes safer versus risky caffeine consumption, so that potential harms to health can be minimized. The harm reduction approach to drug use is pragmatic and evidence-based, and applies as much to caffeine as it does to heroin and cocaine. I have talked about the highly addictive and some times life threatening nature of the carefree use of caffeine in this essay and they all seem to be things that people don’t recognize as clear, real dangers.Foods and drinks laced with caffeine are so common in everyday life for most Americans; yet many of the dangers of caffeine remain hidden to them. If you are addicted to any of these things I talked about today in this essay you hopefully realize how bad these seemingly harmless things are. You should know what you are putting in your body, do not just think about what it will do for you at the moment, think about the future consequences because a lot of people out there don’t want to think past the moment and in the future they will regret it. How to cite Does Coffee Contain Drugs, Papers

To Flee Bsg free essay sample

What is very interesting and even a little bit confusing is that when confronted with selecting the university, a large amount of students tend to choose the universities in the major cities like Beijing and Shanghai. Whether they make the choice after rumination is not known, but it calls off the phenomenon of many young people nowadays pouring into major cities to seek for further development and so-called bright future. However, the reality is that many young people do not realize their dreams and suffer from huge pressure in such big cities. As a consequence, the young are forced to go out of the big cities which we call â€Å"To flee BSG†. The topic is well worth thinking over because all of us will face such a choice one day. So I will focus on four main points,the true phenomenon of fleeing BSG, the advantages and disadvantages of staying in the big cities, the features and the characteristics of the young choosing to flee or to stay and how to make the appropriate choice ourselves. The phenomenon of fleeing BSG Firstly, it is very common for the young to flee major cities nowadays. To flee BSG is a catchphrase that goes around among the young people these years. Due to escalating housing price, difficult job hunting and high pressure of survival in these cities, young people start to flee the Neverland they once had in mind. They now move to the second and third-tier cities or back to their hometowns to give respite to their youth. [pic] Though cases are reported on the media, actually, no one knows exactly how many have left or are leaving. This is just a more and more popular trend in some of the major cities. On the contrary, while some are leaving, still more people are pouring in. In this case, we can see that staying in the major cities have both the positive and negative aspect. Advantages and disadvantages Secondly, the advantages and disadvantages of staying in the first-tier cities especially for young people should be known clearly. [pic] We can see from the graph that there are three main reasons explaining why some young people choose to flee BSG, the escalating housing price, the high pressure of survival in these cities and the bad traffic condition as well as serious pollution. Many young people choose to flee BSG mainly because the escalating housing price. Nowadays, it’s usually necessary for the young man to own a house in the city if he wants to marry the girl he loves. However, the high price of houses in BSG makes purchasing a house there an unrealistic dream. Confronted with the sad fact, the young have to go back to the small cities where the housing price is much slower. [pic] Also, the high pressure of survival in major cities is also a reason for fleeing BSG. As we all know, the competition in the major cities is very serious which means that you have to try your best to finish the work in order to keep your job or get promoted. As a result, the life of large amounts of young people is full of so much work and meeting that they have no time to get relaxed or enjoy the happiness of life. In a word, surviving in BSG is quite tiring for many young people. They can not bear the high pressure any more that they decide to leave. What’s more, the bad traffic condition and pollution is also a key factor. The traffic condition in Beijing and Shanghai is quite bad and you have to tolerate the traffic jam almost everyday if you stay there. In addition to the above three reasons, there are also some other factors contributing to the action of fleeing BSG such as the problem of registered residence, boycotting non-local persons and lack of the sense of belonging. Meanwhile, still some are in favor of staying in BSG and still many young people choose to hold on to BSG with the hope of standing out among their fellows. The reasons are as follows. There is no doubt that the infrastructures are better and the chances of development are more in the first-tier cities. For some, staying in BSG is a nice chance for them to widen their horizons. In addition, some young people regard the action of leaving BSG as escaping the reality and they don’t want to be the escapee when facing the difficulties. They also argue that if you don’t have the competence, even if you go to the small cities, you would finally be eliminated what means that going to the small cities is not the guarantee of better life and brighter future. What’s more interesting and confusing is that some young people who have fled BSG go back to the major cities again after a short time. Many of us may think that it is unable to understand such a phenomenon. Actually, the reasons can be found if we analysis the real situation in the second and third-tier cities. The reality is that the standard of income in the small cities are not very high and with the rapid growth of commodity prices, the life in the small cities are not as easy as many people previously think. Also, another very important reason is that if you want to stand firmly in the second and third-tier cities, you may have to rely on the relationship net. What’s more, many young people who returned from BSG can not get accustomed to the life in the small cities because of the lack of development space and the lack of spiritual life. For example, there may not be museums, theatre, gym and amusement parks in the small cities. Typical kinds of the escapees Thirdly, what we should go into the topic is not only the general situation of the problem but also the categories of the young choosing to flee or hold on to BSG. We can summarize the typical features and characteristics of the young who have different choices. According to the survey conducted in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou in 2012, 16. 65% of the young who want to flee BSG are the high-end talents. China’s regional development is extremely not balanced, the investment is excessively concentrated on the major cities. [pic] Rich in the resources leads to the crueler elimination mechanism and the sadder fact is that in China, the advantages based on family often overweigh the equal section of ability. As a result, the people leave is often the elite. Also, the another interesting phenomenon is that 80% of the people who wants to flee BSG are male and only 20% are female. This is mainly because based on the tradition family pattern of China, the men of a family often have heavier working burden such as purchasing the house, bringing op the babies and the old and so on. We can also see from the survey that the marriage is also a key factor in the deciding of whether to flee BSG. Among the people who want to flee BSG, 58. 14% are married and 41. 86% are unmarried. If one is unmarried and wants to stay in the major cities, to seize the opportunity and to enjoy the quality o life, you can chase after what you like with your strong desire effort. But if you are already married, the situation is extremely different. Last but not least, have analyzed all of these, whether fleeing BSG, holding on to BSG or going back to BSG after a short time leaving. What we should see is not only the phenomenon itself but also the things behind it. From time to time, young people choose to stay in BSG just out of vanity which seems very stupid but the reality is that many young people will think like this. Sometimes, young people choose to flee or go back to BSG blindly following the trend around them. An equal environment is of highly importance both in BSG and the second and third-tier cities. Different cities need to have their own unique features to meet the need of different people. The problem of the political and economical system needs to be solved. [pic] And we can see that there are many cities in China that are very suitable for living as listed in the graph. For many people, living in the small cities means more relaxing life and less pressure. Make the appropriate choice To make the conclusion, about how to make the appropriate choice, we should see that both BSG and the small cities have their own advantages and disadvantages, but the best is not the most suitable only the most suitable is the best. So, considering all the aspects and choosing the one that is really suitable for you is the thing all of us should do. References: The survey conducted by the LIEZHI website; The annual report of the Chinese professional situation

Princess Diana free essay sample

L. Introduction a. The worst illness of our time is that so many people have to suffer from not ever being loved. This is a quote by Princess Diana. b. When I was ten years old, I came downstairs and saw my mom had tears in her eyes from watching a funeral on TV. When I investigated, I figure out it was Princess Dianas. Ever since that moment I have been intrigued to find out more about her. Seeing that she influenced that many people amazed me. c. Princess Diana had many admirable traits but the three that stand out to me are: determination, nurturing and strength. II. Body d. Determined i. Princess was determined from a young age to make a difference in her life. it. From birth, she knew that her parents had lost a son before she was born and that they hoped she was a boy. We will write a custom essay sample on Princess Diana or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page iii. With this weighing on her shoulders, Princess Diana always wanted to touch people in a different ways than others had. With this determination she was able to bring attention to issues that did not get as much as attention in the public, such as Leprosy. v. With the quality of determination, Princess Diana become a great mother and showed the next quality of nurturing. e. Nurturing vi. Princess Diana was a mother to two sons, William and Harry. She was a great mother; she was caring and loved her children with all her heart. vii. Her children were her main priority in life, and this could be seen by how her children turned out in life. viii. Not only was she nurturing and caring to her family, but also to other individuals. Princess Diana would go out of her way to let children who may have AIDS or other disease touch her. To me, that was a big ordeal because it showed how much of a loving person she was and how much good she meant for everyone. She loved to help children with an open mind and heart. x. Princess Diana not only had determination and nurturing characteristics but most of all she was strong. f. Strength x. I believe that Princess Dianas strength was a foundation for her other qualities in life. Without being strong, Princess Diana would not possess the qualities of determination and nurturing. x. When one marries a prince is it very hard to get divorced. xii. Princess Diana not only got divorced but she did not let that stop her self esteem or her strength. xiii. Getting divorced was one thing but also she was always in the public eye. xiv. Being in the public eye was not always beautiful as some may think. Princess Diana was always being brought into the spot light in positive ways but a lot of negative ways too. xv. Although she was being accused of having an affair on her husband at the time Prince Charles, she never let the media get to her. She kept her head high and overcame the rumors that were going around about her. xvi. This main characteristic about Princess Diana is one of the main aspects that I look up to her for. Her ability to stay strong even in difficult situations. Ill. Conclusion g. In summary, I have always admired Princess Diana from that first day I saw her nurturing characteristic.

Definition of Leadership and Its Traits

Definition of Leadership and Its Traits Although there is no universal definition of leadership, or the traits that comprise it, all definitions can be summarized as the â€Å"process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task† (Blake and Mouton, 1985). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Definition of Leadership and Its Traits specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Basically, leadership concerns organizing a group of persons to realize a common objective and this involves inspiring them to adopt a teamwork strategy. There are four main concepts involved in leadership, i.e. the leader, the followers, communication, and situation. The leader must be honest in all his/her roles. It is vital to point out that it is the subjects who decide the success of a leader. Consequently, the leader must employ two-way communication and consider the situation before choosing a communication strat egy. There are two models of leadership in use today: the Four Framework Approach and the Managerial Grid. The Four Framework model proposes that leaders show leadership traits in one of the following structures: Structural, Human Resource, Political, or Symbolic. However, the Managerial Grid employs two axes: â€Å"concern for people† and â€Å"Concern for task or results† (Blake and Mouton, 1985). The dimensions are plotted in the vertical axis and horizontal axis respectively and have a range of 0-9. Since a leader interacts with all persons, below, at par or above his/her rank, it is vital that he/she wins their support and be able to inspire them. This can be effected by understanding human nature, which is defined as the common traits of persons such as values, beliefs, and customs. Another important aspect in leadership is vision, purpose, and goals. Goals must be realistic and attainable, should improve the organization in all aspects, should involve all peopl e, and should run on a predefined program. In addition, the following characteristics are important in goal setting: goal difficulty, specificity, feedback, and participation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although there are no common leadership traits, the following traits are vital towards the success of a leader: honesty, competency, forward-looking (vision), inspiration, intelligence, fair-mindedness, broad-minded, courageous, straightforward and imaginative. These are just a fraction of the traits that a leader should possess. There are various styles of leadership, each of which should be used according to the situation. They are authoritarian, participative, and delegative forms of leadership. A good leader employs all the styles with one of them being dominant, however, a bad leader tend to stick to one form of leadership. A leader may be required to cre ate a matrix team, lead one, or form a part of one. A matrix team may be a work group, task groups, brainstorming teams, or similar specialized groups in an organization. Communication, collaboration, and collective efforts is important in these working groups. One of the greatest challenges in leadership is to get all members of an organization to embrace diversity. Diversity is all about empowering persons and it increases the efficiency of an organization by making the most of the employees’ strengths. To develop diversity, a leader can use either of the following methods: training, education, and development. Time management is important too in all leadership processes. In today’s changing and highly competitive business environment, one of the proven methods of surviving is to adopt change. This strategy will ensure that consumer demands of quality products and services are met. Reshaping the organization may involve picking a highly flexible and committed workfo rce. Training can also increase output, but should be followed by an After Action Review (AAR) which evaluates the success of the tasks and goals set by the leader. Reference Blake, R. R. Mouton, J. S. (1985). The Managerial Grid III: The Key to Leadership Excellence. Houston: Gulf Publishing Co.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Definition of Leadership and Its Traits specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Religious belief system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Religious belief system - Essay Example Perceptive on theism, philosophy, spirituality, and other beliefs are similar and dissimilar from what one considers of ‘religion’, can assist a lot in understanding the religion. Few points out where the outer borders of religion exist, whereas some assist to identify with what religion essentially comprises. The Baptists are one of the major denominations of protestant and form 35 million members globally. They differentiate themselves from Protestants mainly on their firmness on: baptism of adult believers only; they are concerned of the freedom of speech and conscience and freedom from interferences; they give dominance to Scripture in matters of faith, doctrine, and morals; and the authority they give to congregation in church affairs. The precursors of present day Baptists were the Anabaptists - members of a radical movement of the 16th-century reformation which believed in the dominance of the Bible, in baptism as an external witness of the believers personal covenant of inner faith, and in separation of church from state and of believers from nonbelievers - of the reformation period. Few Anabaptist worshippers were settled in Holland in the early 17th century when large number of Puritan Independents, escaped from England to Holland. These Puritans were influenced by the Anabaptists, and were persuaded that Christian baptism was correct only for adults with a personal faith and commitment. After going back to England, this group formed the first Baptist worshippers in 1611. According to Baptists beliefs the Christian lives are as one of individual faith and of solemn commitment to live in accordance with the highest Christian principles. Hence each individual must be reborn, renewed into a new life, and get together into the church community. As a matter of fact for Baptists, the church is in essence the result of change and of refinement, a society of dedicated advocates. In fact the church is holy only when the belief

Its about the three books ( A lone together ), ( Steve Jobs ), and ( Assignment

Its about the three books ( A lone together ), ( Steve Jobs ), and ( Facebook Effect ) - Assignment Example The economic policies are not the only limitations but the health and education policies together with other vital factors have been considered to put the country into a wrong track. There has been a promise on job creation by the government, which is yet to be accomplished. Income inequality is another of the factors of major interest among the Americans. How can the government be trusted while there is inequality of wealth; wealth is concentrated among the few persons while a majority still languish in joblessness and lack of basic income that can sustain their daily needs. Turkle believes in interdependence among people through technology (Turkle, 2011). As for the article in Arthur, there is clear interdependence of the students, staff and the other people involved in the university. The article defines its limits of interdependency to physical. Turkle, on the other hand, believes that through technology many have been interdependent in all aspects; which ranges from socializing to information or business sharing. It is informed that both parties define the existence of interdependence among people of different aspects. According to Steve Jobs, comprehensive design was to include simplicity without minimalism; the design was to integrate all the objectives of creation, with ease of use, but not at the cost of functionality. In his designs he articulated for artistic design from the cover, to the inner part of the system. In creating the designs, his main considerations were the usability of the system, as well as the beauty of the design to impress its users (Isaacson, 2011). These parts of architect formed the basis of the company in creating systems. Steve Jobs Company was mainly driven by innovation. The description of his approach can be defined as value disruption design. Whose main objective is to create a

Respiratory System: Purpose and Physiology

Respiratory System: Purpose and Physiology The purpose of the respiratory system is to allow gas exchange throughout all body parts of most animals. The evolution of the respiratory system is responsible for different respiratory structures in diverse animals and it has allowed them to keep up with their oxygen demands. It functions by removing carbon dioxide from the lungs and replenishing it with oxygen. In this paper I will compare the respiratory system of Tursiops truncatus and Chelonia mydas. The bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are warm blooded mammals that live all of their life in the ocean. Tursiops truncatus are from the kingdom Animalia, class Mammalia, order Cetacea, and family Delphinidae. They belong to the genus Tursiops and species truncatus. On the other hand, the Chelonia mydas are cold blooded reptiles that live most of their life in the ocean but return to the land to lay their eggs. The Chelonia mydas are from the kingdom Animalia as well, and just like the Tursiops truncatus, they both belong to the phylum Chordata. Also, Chelonia mydas are from the class Reptilia, order Testudines, family Cheloniidae, genus Chelonia and species mydas (Lecointre, 2007). The Tursiops truncatus and Chelonia mydas spend their lives in the ocean and spend a vast amount of time submerged in water and yet the physiology of their respiratory system varies greatly, however; their lung capacity, and gas exchange methods, can be found to have certain similarities (Reynolds, et. al., 2000, Spotila, 2004). The physiology of respiratory system of the Tursiops truncatus and the Chelonia mydas are dissimilar in many aspects. To begin, Tursiops truncatus do not breathe through their mouths, instead they breathe through a blowhole which is located at the top of their head (Reynolds, et. Al., 2000). Also, Tursiops truncatus are involuntary breathers, which mean that they have to constantly remember that they have to go to the surface and breathe. If a dolphin ever goes unconscious it will suffocate and drown. The position of the blowhole allows dolphins to go to the surface and only expose a small region of the head into the air to breathe. This allows the Tursiops truncatus to swim and breathe at the same time. The blowhole is the outer component of their respiratory system and it contains muscles that surround it which allows for the skin at the top of their blowhole to open and close, it is known as the nasal plug. The nasal plug helps prevent water from coming in when the Tursiops trunca tus is underwater. Also, their respiratory system is completely separate from the digestive tract, therefore; only air gets into the lungs and it doesnt get obstructed by food or water. The lungs of dolphins are not bigger than the lungs other land mammals, which mean that their lung size doesnt play a role in how much oxygen is absorbed. On the contrary, Chelonia mydas breathe through their mouth. Their respiratory system is composed of the right and left lungs; they also contain a glottis, a bronchus, and a trachea. The glottis is positioned right after the tongue. It opens when the turtle is breathing and it closes when the turtle holds its breath. The trachea is situated after the glottis and splits into the two bronchi. The two bronchi extend to the lungs. The bronchi serve as a passage which allows for air to enter the lungs and exit the same way. The bronchi continue to split throughout the lungs giving rise to the alveoli. In the alveoli sacs is where most of the process of gas exchange takes place. Turtles dont have a diaphragm to help them with ventilation of the lungs and instead they use ventral muscles which are located at the pelvic and pectoral girdles area. The lungs of Chelonia mydas are complex since they are multi-chambered; this increases their pulmonary resistance, thus allowing them to stay subme rged under water for many hours. The pressure of being underwater helps turtles breathe out and the ventral muscles help them breathe in. Further, even though there is a difference in the physiology of the respiratory system of the Tursiops truncatus and the Chelonia mydas, their lung capacity shows some similarities. Tursiops truncatus have very efficient lungs because they have a great amount of tidal volume due to the amount of alveoli cells that they contain in their lungs. They also have very elastic tissues in their lungs, and this elasticity accounts for their great lung capacity. Tursiops truncatus can exchange more than three fourths of their air volume in a single breath. They can dive for periods of about 15 minutes at a time but their lungs cannot retain great amounts of oxygen and therefore they cannot stay underwater for prolonged periods of time. In addition, Tursiops truncatus can dive deep into the ocean for more than 150 meters. Around this depth their lungs subside causing an increase in blood pressure, which is fatal to humans, but Tursiops truncatus manage to slow the pressure before it gets to the brain. Also, after diving big depths and going to the surface to breathe immediately one would expect Tursiops truncatus to feel sick after such decrease in pressure but they experience no side effects because they hold their breath while diving. Chelonia mydas also have tidal volume which helps them breathe faster and exchange gas in a more effective manner. They can exchange about half their air volume in a single breath. Additionally, they can stay under water for many hours. This adaptation is possible due to the fact that they are cold blooded and have a slow metabolism which slows their heart rate for about seven heart beats per minute allowing them to be able to conserve more oxygen. However the lungs become compressed as they move down and as a result they also lose buoyancy. To account for this the Chelonia mydas become naturally buoyant at certain depth thus allowing the lungs to be able to retain more oxygen. As a result, the deeper that Chelonia mydas dive the more their oxygen storing capacity increases, Further, the gas exchange of the Tursiops truncatus and Chelonia mydas has some similarities and differences. First, the Tursiops truncatus have made adaptations to their circulatory system which has allowed them to store oxygen more efficiently and to use it more effectively. Tursiops truncates have lungs that contain many alveoli, which are air cells, thus making gas exchange in them occur much faster. Tursiops truncates store oxygen in their blood and muscles because during long dives the oxygen can be accessed easily. Additionally, Chelonia mydas have made adaptations to be able to withstand long periods of dives under water. The major mechanism for gas exchange in the Chelonia mydas is the lung, however; the ability of their blood to uptake large amounts of oxygen is also very important for gas exchange. Chelonia mydas can tolerate high amounts of carbon dioxide in their blood. In conclusion, Tursiops truncates and Chelonia mydas share certain characteristics and differences when it comes to their respiratory system. The physiology of their respiratory systems is very different from each other since Tursiops truncates dont breathe through their mouth and Chelonia mydas do. However, their lung capacity and gas exchange mechanisms can be said to be fairly similar. Tursiops truncates and Chelonia mydas store oxygen in their blood to use during periods of long dives. Also, they can effectively exchange more than half of their air volume in a single breath (Reynolds, et. al., 2000; Spotila, 2004). It is important to learn about the respiratory system of these animals because knowing how they live will help ensure their survival and give us a better understanding of their needs.

Ethics Answers Essay

1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yes, I agree with Emmanuel Kant. It is said that a man’s worth is measured by how much he helped others to ease their burdens, and acted with compassion for the well-being of the majority. But first, he must preserve his integrity and self-respect before he can serve his fellow man. As Kant stated, one who transgresses against himself loss his manliness and becomes incapable of doing his duty towards his fellows. The most important duty to us is the preservation of one’s life and dignity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yes. Certainly, suicide is abominable. And Kant’s arguments against suicide are very convincing and tenable. We, as human beings, are vested with the gift of willpower, the freedom to choose things that make us happy and contented. It would be a waste if this willpower is used as a means to destroy one’s very life. Suicide defeats the purpose of what makes us human, that is to serve others and dignify one’s life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this instance, the Congressman lost his self-worth in two ways; one, by accepting bribe, and the second by being drunk. Because a man’s worth is by doing his moral duty to himself and others, this duty would not be attained because he transgresses against himself. Kant observed that he who transgresses against himself loses his manliness and become incapable of doing his duty towards his fellows. A man who fails in his duty to himself loses worth absolutely.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Worth in Emmanuel Kant’s concept is the capacity of an individual to perform his moral duties to himself and others. It is a man’s over-all personality. Thus, a man who has destroyed and cast away his personality, has no intrinsic worth, and can no longer perform any manner of duty to himself and to his fellow human being.

An Author’s Life Is Reflected in Their Works

I strongly believe that an author’s life is reflected in their works. Well-known authors all over the world claim that important events in their lives are mentioned in the books they write. Tessa Duder said that her sailing experience inspired her to write about some children sailing together in her short story Too Close to the Wind, Patricia Grace wrote Beans based on the sports she played with her relatives when she was little, and The Lumber Room reflected the revenge Saki used to play on his aunts. Tessa Duder, Patricia Grace, and Saki are examples of authors whose lives are reflected in their works. Let’s take Saki, for example. His mother died when he was very little. Saki was looked after by his grandmother and two strict aunts Charlotte and Augusta throughout his childhood. Living with them was a nightmare for Saki, as he often took revenge on them when he was little, just like Nicholas in The Lumber Room and Conradin in Sredni Vashtar. Saki also cared for wild animals. His love for animals was shown in his famous short stories, The Lumber Room, Sredni Vashtar, The Open Window and Tobermory. Saki loathed people in mid-upper class in Britain in the 1900s. He thinks that all they care about are themselves. He didn’t write about them with kindness in The Easter Egg, and used a talking cat to embarrass them at a tea party in Tobermory. Saki’s health was very fragile when he was little. The doctor said neither him nor his siblings would survive into adulthood. His delicate health was reflected by the main characters in Sredni Vashtar and The Easter Egg. From all those examples, it is clear that Saki’s life is reflected in his works. Patricia Grace is another author who writes about her life in her works. Her writing career started when she was 25 years old with children. She has a large family and she displayed her love for her relatives in Butterflies, It used to be Green Once, The Trolley and A Way of Talking. Patricia also honoured her Maori culture by using Maori words in three of her short stories that I’ve read. A Way of Talking is a clear example of Patricia’s feelings about racism in everyday life. In the story, Jane was making disparaging comments about Maori people in front of Rose, the same thing that happened when Patricia Grace was at primary school because she was the only Maori girl there. Fun times in Patricia’s life were also shown between the lines of her writing. Meeting up with her cousins in the weekends, playing sports and doing physical things were mentioned in The Trolley; It used to be Green Once and especially in Beans. The events that took part in Patricia Grace’s stories are based on events that happened in her life. Most of Tessa Duder’s characters are created based on her personality. When Christchurch Children’s Library interviewed her, Tessa said that she was good at sports and literacy when she was young, just like Moana in Moana’s Secret, Cindy in Cindy Becomes a Star and Michael in The Violin. Her personal tragedy was reflected in the Alex quartet. Both Tessa and the main character, Alex lost someone they love; which in Tessa’s case is her daughter Clare, and in Alex’s case her boyfriend Andy. Activities Tessa did when she was little were also reflected in her stories. When she was five years old she sailed on a sailboat from New Zealand to England with her family. Sailboats were mentioned in her novella Too Close to the Wind and her short story, Person Overboard. Without knowing what sailing is and how to sail, it is not possible for Tessa Duder to write about sailing in her stories. As a swimmer who trained for six years in her teenage life and the first New Zealand woman to train seriously in the Dolphin-Butterfly stroke first introduced in the 1956 Olympics, Tessa Duder wrote about swimming in three of her short stories and the Alex quartet is about a girl who trained very hard in order to take part in the Olympic Games in Rome. Tessa Duder’s life is clearly reflected in her works from the examples shown. An author’s life is reflected in their works. This statement is clearly proven with the British author who wrote 100 years ago and two New Zealand authors who still spend their time working on new book drafts. The storyline, the personality of the characters and the twist in the stories are often related to the events that happened in the author’s life. Through the eyes of a reader, I believe that their love for writing inspires authors to write. An author’s life is reflected in their works.

Law of Evidence Question - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3792 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Act Essay Did you like this example? Abstract In this coursework I have paid particular attention on the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999(YJCEA) , Criminal Justice Act 2003 , Code D of PACE 1984 Code of Practice and cases such as Turnbull [1977] , R v Hanson [2005] , R v Vye [1993] and other relevant cases in order to solve this problem question based on criminal proceedings and interpret the statutes , the general rule and exceptions of hearsay evidence ,apply the case laws and critically evaluate and analyses them. In this given set of facts we need to discuss and apply the legal rules of evidence in the context of criminal proceedings specifically witness competence compellability, good character bad character, general rules of hearsay evidence and its exceptions with the proper application of Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 ( YJCEA) and Criminal Justice Act 2003 and relevant cases , journals , articles . . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Law of Evidence Question" essay for you Create order According to the facts Thomas is only 11 years old who saw two men putting electrical equipment into the boot of a white van. He along with Harry Jones identified Adam King as one of the men they saw at a video identification procedure .Now we need to focus on mainly whether Thomas is really competent to give evidence and even if he can, what type of evidence he will provide .As a child under 14 Thomas must give unsworn evidence.[1] In this essence the test for sworn testimony is set out in R v Hayes[2] which is unnecessary in this scenario .However, in R v MacPherson[3] the Court of Appeal held that a 5 years old child is competent in giving witness .Moreover, the evidence of children under 14 is to be given unsworn and that a childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s evidence must be revived unless it appears to the court that the child is incapable of understanding questions put to him and unable to give answers which can be understood.[4]The court must decide not whether he is competent on ground s of age but whether he is capable of giving intelligible evidence .It is submitted that a normal 11 years old child would be .The witnesses credibility and reliability are relevant to the weight to be given to his evidence and might well from the basis of a submission of no case to answer but they are not relevant to competence [5] . In delivering the judgment of the Court of Appeal in R v Sed[6] Auld LJ pointed out that section 53 does not expressly provide for 100% comprehension and in this case the Court of Appeal was much influenced by the earlier decision in R v D .[7]Allowance should be made on the witnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance .In this fact it may vary according to the subject matter of the questions, on the length of time between the events referred to by the witness and the date of the questioning and on any strong feelings that those events may have caused [8] as to whether Thomas is really competent to give evidence or not .Moreover according to the statute ther e is no minimum age for childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s to give evidence.[9] In this fact, Thomasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s parents informed the CPS that Thomas is nervous about giving evidence in court .In relation with this there is a possibility to use of Special Measures like to use screens[10], live link [11] , video recorded evidence in chief [12] , evidence to be given in private [13] by the prosecution.In this case the court can interview the child witness[14] and it could be a video interview if necessary [15] .It may be considered that Thomas might encounter special difficulty in testifying .Under section 16 (1) (b) and section 16 (2) of the YJCEA 1999[16] may give evidence by means such as live video link or pre à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" recording . In R ( On the application of D ) v Camberwell Green Youth Court [17] the Divisional Court held that special measures provisions , here involving children , were compatible with article 6 ( 3 ) ( a ) of European Convention of Human Rights [18] which embodies the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" to ex amine or have examined witnesses against himà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ .As person under 18 Thomas may also be eligible for special Measures Directions .Under section 21 ( 1 ) ( a ) of the Youth Justice Act and Criminal Evidence Act 1999(YJCEA)[19] as amended by the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 , the primary rule in requiring admission of a video interview as examination in chief and cross examination through a live link or video link [20]at trial , applies to all witnesses under 18 , regardless of the nature of the offence . However , under section 21 if the court determines that under the primary rule special measures would minimize the quality of the witnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s evidence then court can consider a screen which will be open for Thomas to elect to give oral evidence in chief or testify in the courtroom rather than using the live link or pre recorded police video [21].Under section 21 (4C) of YJCEA 1999 the court will consider some factors [22].Although Thomas is not in an age where he might be expected to be able to give live testimony as he is nervous in giving evidence in court according to the facts but he may be accompanied by an adult to provide support for example his mother who have no personal involvement in this case . Now we need to assess the admissibility of the identification evidence against George Smith .It mainly deals with Code D of PACE 1984 Codes of Practice.[23]Breaches of Code D sometimes can result in the exclusion of identification evidence under s.78 (1) of PACE. Because failure to comply with the provision in CODE D can affect the reliability of the evidence and reliability is an important consideration in the application of s.78(1).An important case on the consequences of non-compliance with the provisions of Code D is R vGorja (Ranjit)[24].Moreover if Code D do not justify the exclusion of identification evidence, they may require appropriate warnings to be given to the jury [25] .In order to avoid mistaken identification of a defendant by prosecution witnesses the Court of Appeal recommended a new approach by trial judges to deal with the problems of identification in Turnbull[26].The directions in this case only apply whenever the prosecution case depends à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"wholly o r substantially à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢on the correctness of one or more identifications of the defendant, and the defence alleges that the identifying witnesses are mistaken and in this case the prosecution substantially depends on the correctness on the identification of George. According to Shand v The Queen[27] the prosecution may argue that the Turnbull direction must be given where identification is based on recognition. Moreover, one witness Thomas already mistaken to identify George [28].But sometimes Turnbull is not required when a witness failed to recognize the suspect [29] and Thomas failed to recognize George.[30]In R v Forbes[31] it was held that the breach of Code D did not require the evidence to be excluded under section 78 of PACE. However , in this fact , Thomas failed to identify George[32].Moreover , George denied that he was involved in burglary[33].It could be argue that the identification procedure under Code D paragraph 3.12 is not necessary in this fact .In R v Turnbull[34] ,the Court of Appeal (CA) laid down guidelines for the treatment of the identification evidence where the case depends wholly or substantially on the correctness of the identifications. The guidelines make it clear that the judge should remind the jury of any weakness in the identification evidence and that the judge should withdraw the case from the jury unless there is any other evidence which will support the identification evidence and in this fact there is another witness named Harry who confirmed and recognized George[35] .In this fact it is highly likely that the prosecution will be able to argue that identification of evidence against George Smith is admissible. The next issues to be consider Adam Kingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s previous convictions for assault, robbery and burglary . Evidence of a witnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s bad character did not have to amount to proof of a lack of credibility on the part of the witness.[36] This question is concern with rules relating to the admissibility of defendants bad character and also the fairness of the changes made by CJA 2003. In this regard the Law Commission reports on bad character in 2002.[37] The common law recognized the way in which evidence of character could be relevant. It could make allegations against a defendant more likely be true but the trial should not be used to investigate the truth of a previous allegation. [38]Sec-101 of CJA 2003 states that in criminal proceedings evidence of defendants bad character is admissible if one of the factors from sub-section 101(1) (a)-101(1)(g) is satisfied [39].In this regard we need to consider the three fold test in R v Hanson[40]which is laid down by the Court of Appeal. In this case the propensity[41] to commit the offence is relied on as the basis for admitting evidence of a defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s bad character.[42] The prosecution now may argue that his previous convictions is relevant to an important matter in this trial[43] .But previous convictions for offences of the same description or category does not automatically mean that they should be admitted[44].Adam Kingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s bad character might be admissible by the courts as the defendant has a propensity to committee offences of this kind because a single previous conviction can be sufficient to establish propensity[45] .Moreover in Isichei[46]where the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s propensity[47] to supply cocaine was relevant to the issue of identification. In this issue we need to discuss as to how should the judge direct the jury about George Smithà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s character .In this fact George Smith already denied that he have any involvement in the burglary and he donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t even have any previous conviction .Similarly in R v Aziz[48] the house of Lords held that a person with no previous convictions was generally to be treated as being of good character[49] and in this fact it could argue that George have good character .Whenever a evidence of good character is given , its significance must be explained to the Jury .The Court of Appeal laid down two limbs in R v Vye[50]. In this fact it could easily argue that the judge will direct the jury based on the Vye direction about Georgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s character.However , there were some problems in Vye direction like if someone plead guilty in any other county then he is no longer of good character but in this fact it is already apparent that George donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have any previous conviction .Moreover ,in R v M (CP)[51] it was held that once the judge decided that the defendant should be treated as a person of good character then the full Vye direction on good character should be given as it is a matter of law .The prima facie rule of practice is to deal with this by giving a qualified Vye direction rather than no direction at all.[52] According to R v Doncaster[53] it can easily argue that if the defendant has no previous conviction but bad character evidence is given under the Criminal Justice Act 2003 then a modified direction should be given .From the above discussion it can easily argue that the judge in this scenario should direct the jury about George Smithà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s character with Vye direction because it is the prima facie rule or practice.[54] Now we need to discuss the issue as to whether the persecution will be permitted to adduce the written statement[55] of Harry who is moving to New Zealand .From this issue it is apparent that we need to consider the statement as hearsay evidence which is defined as a statement made outside off the court with the purpose of showing that the statement is true.[56]But generally in criminal cases hearsay is inadmissible which is also affirmed by Lord Normand in Teper v R [57].Moreover in Myers v DPP[58] it was held that a contemporaneous record made by workers in a motor car factory of cylinder block and chassis numbers was held to be inadmissible hearsay.In this fact , we need to focus if the prosecution made a written statement from Harry then whether it will be admissible[59].In this scenario , Harry was outside of UK[60] and in relating with these sort of issue the Law Commission introduced a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"reasonable practicability à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" test which require the party wishin g to adduce the evidence to make reasonable efforts to bring the witness to court but the court will take into account some factors such as the seriousness of the case and the importance of the information contained in the statement.[61]Moreover , in R v Castillio and Others [62] it was held that it was not reasonably practicable for the witness to attend and important consideration was given to the evidence given by the witness.The prosecution also argue that it falls within the exception of the general rule as the witness Harry moved outside of UK[63] and it was beyond reasonable doubt[64].From the above discussion it is highly likely that the prosecution will be able to adduce the written statement of Harry at the trial. Total Word Count = 3208 Bibliography: Primary sources: Text Book: Dennis .I.H , The Law of Evidence ,3rd Edition ,Sweet Maxwell 2007 Durston . G , Evidence Text Materials , 2nd Edition , Oxford University Press2011 Allen , C , Practical Guide to Evidence , 4th Edition, Routledge . Cavendish 2008 Choo , A.L-T , Evidence , 3rd Edition , Oxford University Press Spencer,J.R and Flin,R ,The Evidence of Children : The Law and the Psychology (2nd edition, Blackstone , London 2003) H.Phil , Blackstoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Statutes on Evidence ,12th Edition 2012 Guidance for Vulnerable or Intimidated Witness , including children (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Memorandum 2002) Spencer,J.R. and Flin , R , The Evidence of Children : The Law and the Psychology (2nd edition), Blackstone , London 2003 Emson, R. Evidence. (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) fifth edition Munday, R. Evidence. (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2011) sixth edition Roberts, P. and A. Zuckerman Criminal evidence. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010) second edition Tapper, C. Cross Tapper on evidence. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010) twelfth edition Statute: Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 ( YJCEA) Criminal Justice Act 2003 European Convention of Human Rights the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 Code D of PACE 1984 Journals : The Law Commission report (2002) Ho, H.L. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Similar facts in civil casesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2006) 26 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 131. Munday, R. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Case management, similar fact evidence in civil cases, and a divided law of evidenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2006) 10 International Journal of Evidence and Proof 81à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"103. Munday, R. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"What actually constitutes evidence of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“bad characterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Munday, R. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Single act propensityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2010) 74 The Journal of Criminal Law 127(reviews cases where the Crown has sought to adduce only single acts of misconduct, in order to ascertain how expansively or restrictively the courts interpret the bad character provisions). Redmayne, M. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Criminal evidence: The relevance of bad characterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2002) 61 CLJ 684à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"714. Code of Practice for the Identification of Persons by Police Officers (Code D) of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE). Devlin Report: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Evidence of identification in criminal casesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1976) Roberts, A. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Eyewitness identification evidence: procedural developments and the ends of adjudicative accuracyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2008) 6(2) International Commentary on Evidence. Ormerod, D. and D. Birch à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The evolution of exclusionary discretionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2004) Crim LR 767. Article: The Law Commission (EVIDENCE OF BAD CHARACTER IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS Report on a reference under section 3(1)(e) of the Law Commissions Act 1965 ) EVIDENCE LAW CHARACTER AND CREDIBILITY (February 1997 Wellington, New Zealand ) Bird.J , Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review (2014) Birch.D , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" A Better Deal for Vulnerable Witnesses?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[2000] Crim L.R 223 Creighton,P.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Spouse Competence and Compellabilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[1990] Crim LR 34 Hoyano,L.C.H,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Striking a Balance between the Rights of Defendants and Vulnerable Witnesses : Will Special Measures Direction Contravene Guarantees of a Fair Trial?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Hoyano,L.C.H,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Coroners and Justice Act 2009 :Special Measures Directions Take 2 : Entrenching Unequal Access to Justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[2010] Crim LR 345 Durston,G ,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Bad Character Evidence and Non party Witnesses under the Criminal Justice Act 2003à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2004) 8 E P 233 Goudkamp.J ,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Bad Character Evidence and Reprehensible Behaviourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2008) E P 116 Law Commission Consultation Paper ,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Evidence in Criminal Proceedings : Previous Misconduct of a Defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢(CP 141) (London , 1996) Law Commission Report No 273 (Cm 5257),à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Evidence of Bad Character in Criminal Proceedingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (London , 2001) Mirfield,P ,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Character , Credibility and Untruthfulnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢(2008) 124 LQR 1 Spencer,J.R ,Evidence of Bad Character (Hart , London,2010) Byron (1999) The Times, 10 March and Gayle [1999] 2 Cr App R 130 David Ormerodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s commentary in [2011] Crim LR 10, 793à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"798 Dennis, I. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The right to confront witnesses: meanings, myths and human rightsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2010] Crim LR 4, 255à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"74. Mirfield, P. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Character and credibilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2009] Crim LR 3, 135à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"51 Redmayne, M. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Recognising propensityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2011] Crim LR 3, 177à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"98 Munday, R. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Single act propensityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2010] J Crim L 74(2), 127à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"44 Law Commission No 245 , 1997 , para 8.39 Roberts, P. and A. Zuckerman, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Implied assertions and the logic of hearsayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Birch, D. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Interpreting the New Concept of Hearsayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2010) CLJ 72. Common Laws: R v Hayes [1977] 1 WLR 234 R v MacPherson [2005] EWCA Crim 3605 R v Sed[2004] EWCA Crim 1294 R v D [2002] 2 Cr App R 36 R v K [2006] EWCA Crim 472 R v Powell [2006] EWCA Crim 3 R ( On the application of D ) v Camberwell Green Youth Court [2003] EWHC Admin 22 R v Gorja (Ranjit) [2010] EWCA Crim 1939 R v Forbes [2001] 1 All ER 686 Turnbull [1977] QB 224 Shand v The Queen [1996] 1 WLR 69, 72 R v Nicholson [2000] 1 Cr App R 182 Thornton [1995] 1 Cr App R 578 and Slater [1995] 1 Cr App R 584 R v Oscar [1991] Crim LR 778 Limburne and Bleasdale [1994] Crim LR 118. R v Caldwell [1993] 99 Cr App R 73 R v Hanson [2005] 1 WLR 3169 Tully and Wood (2007) 171 JP 25 R v McDonald[ 2007] EWCA Crim 1194. Isichei [2006] EWCA Crim 1815 R v Aziz [1996] AC 41 R v Vye(1993) 97 Cr App R 134. Teper v R [1952] AC 480 at 486 Myers v DPP [1965] AC1001 R v Castillio and Others [1996] 1 Cr App R 438 R v Bray [1988] 88 Cr App R 354 R v Acton Justices ex p McMullen 1990 92 Cr App R 98 Electronic Sources: www.lexisnexis.co.uk www.westlaw.co.uk www.gov.co.uk www.guardian.co.uk www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/police/operational-policing/pace-codes/pace-code-d-2011 www.officialdocumentsgov.uk/document/hc1011/hc08/0829/0829.pdf 1 [1] Section 56(1) (2) of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 [2] [1977] 1 WLR 234 [3] [2005] EWCA Crim 3605 [4] Section 53 (3) of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 [5] R v MacPherson [2005] EWCA Crim 3605 , [2006] 1 Cr App R 30 [6] [2004] EWCA Crim 1294 [7] [2002] 2 Cr App R 36 [8] Paragraph 45 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 46 where there is a danger that a complainant may be incompetent , the judge will usually before the trial have seen a video recording of the complainantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interview with the police and so will be in some position to make a decision about competence after hearing submissions from prosecution and defence under Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 , section 27 [9] Section 53(1) 0f Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 [10] Section 23 of Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 and R v Brown [2004] EWCA Crim 1620 [11] Section 24 of Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 [1 2] Section 27 of Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 [13]Section 25 of Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 [14] Guidance for Vulnerable or Intimidated Witness , including children (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Memorandum 2002) and it is also available in www.cps.gov.uk [15] Rv K [2006] EWCA Crim 472 , R v Powell [2006] EWCA Crim 3 [16] Section 16 ( 1 ) ( b) of YJCEA 1999 states that if the court considers that the quality of evidence given by the witness is likely to be diminished by reason of any circumstances falling within subsection ( 2 ) like section 16 ( 2 ) ( a ) states that the witness suffers from mental disorder within the meaning of Mental Health Act 1983 . [17] [2003] EWHC Admin 22 [18] Article 6 (3) ( a ) of ECHR states that everyone charged with a criminal offence has the following minimum rights: (a) to be informed promptly, in a language which he understands and in detail, of the nature and cause of the accusation against him; [19] Se ction 21 (1) ( a) of YJCEA 1999 states that a witness in criminal proceedings is a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"child witnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ if he is an eligible witness by reason of section 16 ( 1 ) ( a) of YJCEA states that whether or not he is an eligible witness by reason of any other provision of section 16 or 17 of YJCEA [20] R v Camberwell Green Youth Court [2005] 1 WLR 393 [21] R v Powell [ 2006] 1 Cr App R 31 [22]Under section 21 (4C) of YJCEA 1999 the court will consider some factors such as (a) the childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s age and maturity , (b) the childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability to understand the consequence of giving evidence in a different way , (c) the relationship between the witness and the accused , (d) the childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s social and cultural background and ethnic origins and (e) the nature and alleged circumstances of the offence to which the proceedings relate . [23]www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/police/operational-policing/pace-codes/pace-code-d- 2011 [24][2010] EWCA Crim 1939 [25] Forbes [2001] 1 All ER 686 [26][1977] QB 224. [27] [1996] 1 WLR 69, 72 [28]Thornton [1995] 1 Cr App R 578 and Slater [1995] 1 Cr App R 584 [29]Byron (1999) The Times, 10 March and Gayle [1999] 2 Cr App R 130 [30]Code D paragraph 3.12 [31] [2001] 1 AC 473 [32] R v Nicholson [2000] 1 Cr App R 182 , R v Oscar [1991] Crim LR 778 [33] (Limburne and Bleasdale [1994] Crim LR 118. [34] [1977] QB 224 [35] R v Caldwell [1993] 99 Cr App R 73 [36] Section 100(1)(b) of Criminal Justice Act 2003 [37]The Law Commission report (2002 ,paras . 8.12-8.19) stated that ,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢References in this Act to evidence of a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s bad character are references to evidence which shows or tends to show that (a) he has committed an offence or (b) he has behaved or is disposed to behave in a way that , in the opinion of the court , might be viewed with disapproval by a reasonable person. [38] R v D [2009] E WCA Crim 2137 [39]Sec-101 provide seven gate ways through which evidence of defendants bad character can be admitted.They are:-( a ) all parties to the proceedings agree to the evidence being admissible, ( b ) the evidence is adduced by the defendant himself or is given in answer to a question asked by him in cross-examination and intended to elicit it, ( c ) it is important explanatory evidence, ( d ) it is relevant to an important matter in issue between the defendant and the prosecution, ( e ) it has substantial probative in relation to an important matter in issue between defendant and a co-defendant, ( f ) it is evidence to correct a false impression given by the defendant, or ( g ) the defendant has made an attack on another persons character. [40]The three fold test in R v Hanson [2005] 1 WLR 3169 is 1) whether the history of convictions establish a propensity to committee offences of the kind charged, 2) whether that propensity makes it more likely that the defendant c ommitted the offence charged, 3) whether it is unjust to rely on the convictions of the same descriptions on category and, in any event, whether the proceedings would be unfair if they were admitted. [41] Redmayne, M. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Recognising propensityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2011] Crim LR 3, 177à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"98 [42] Section 101(1)(d) of Criminal Justice Act 2003 . [43] Section 103(3) and 101(3) of Criminal Justice Act 2003 [44] (Tully and Wood) (2007) 171 JP 25 [45] R v McDonald [ 2007] EWCA Crim 1194. [46][2006] EWCA Crim 1815 [47] Munday, R. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Single act propensityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2010] J Crim L 74(2), 127à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"44 [48] [1996] AC 41 [49] R v M (CP) [2009] 2 Cr App R 3 [50]The two limbs in R v Vye (1993) 97 Cr App R 134 is namely the relevance of good character to credibility and the relevance of good character to the question whether the defendant was likely to have behaved as alleged by the prosecution [51][2009] 2 Cr App R 3 [52]R v Gray [2004] 2 Cr App R 498 [53][2008] EWCA Crim 5 [54]R v H [1994] Crim LR 205 [55] Section 115(2) of Criminal Justice Act 2003 [56] Section 114( 1) of Criminal Justice Act 2003 [57] [1952] AC 480 at 486 [58] [1965] AC1001 [59] Section 114 of Criminal Justice Act 2003 [60] R v Bray [1988] 88 Cr App R 354 [61] Law Commission No 245 , 1997 , para 8.39 [62] [1996] 1 Cr App R 438 [63] Section 116(2)(C) [64] R v Acton Justices ex p McMullen 1990 92 Cr App R 98